Size matters...

In the midst of all the recent trap modifying , it was noticed that most of our historical traps had various sizes of pans, although they remain much larger in history. Some nearly fill the entire space in the jaws, some are round, oval and most are square. Often the pans will have clipped off corners, obviously to clear the movement of the springs and jaws, but the pans over all the size suits the demands, and the mechanical limits.
   Turning to the book , "A Trappers Guide" , Samuel Newhouse (1865), in his first chapter he notes:
 2. The pan should not be too large. A large pan, filling nearly the whole space of the open jaws, may seem to increase the chances of an animal's being caught, by giving him more surface to tread upon in springing the trap. But there is a mistake in this. When an animals springs a trap by treading on the outer part of a large pan, his foot is near the jaw, and instead of being caught, is liable to be thrown out by the stroke of the jaw.-- Whereas, when he treads on a small pan, his foot in nearly in the centre of the sweep of the jaws, and he is very sure to be seized far enough up on the leg to be well secured.

     Some trappers would argue here. I would agree with Newhouse, except that now we are entering a change in traps. Before Newhouse and Oneida, traps were animal specific, meaning that a trap was built for an intended animal. This change to a smaller pan is seen about the same time that more traps became more universal, one trap is now good for several animals. A small pan would be good for some animals, but a poor change for others. Steel traps had largely been used for beaver, and the large pan worked well for many years on these older traps. Could it be that Newhouse was pushing the small pan just to same metal? I don't know if I would go that far, Newhouse was no slouch at trapping, and he made the finest trap in my opinion, possibly he was just stubborn and set in his ways.
    Pan size has gone back and forth some over the course of history. Today many trappers use an after market pan extension, or modify the existing pan to a larger one , I'm a fan of those guys! However, most traps went to this small round pan and it's remained the standard for well over a century now.
    Newhouse set the pace for other trap makers, if he is the one to change to this smaller size, it's likely that all others followed suit, and it probably showed up in the company piggy bank as they followed along.

An older tranverse pan trap, a pan made to fill the entire area inside the jaws.

A double leaf spring, the pan fits the jaws, it's a bit more narrow on the sides to clear the springs.

Montreal maker "Isaac Veal" , a single leaf spring with a pan large enough to fill the jaw area. Just enough room to clear the spring.

From the Museum of the Fur Trade, a Watkins , this is the average pan size of a common beaver trap. These measure about 3 1/2 to 4 inches square.

Three Newhouse traps, #2, 3 and the top is a #4. The round pan is just under 2 inches.

 

I might add that most traps that we find today all have the same size round pan. Victors and Triumph will have slightly different styles, but will interchange for most years. The number 2 traps will fit the #4's. Bridgers, Sleepy Creek, and Duke traps have differences, but remain about the same size. If you are a die hard fan of large pans, it's not difficult at all to modify these.

New Trick!

  Not really new, it's actually Eastern 18th century but it's new to many of us interested in historical trapping.

   "About two feet above the trap, a stick, three or four inches in length, was stuck in the bank. In the upper end of this, the trapper excavated a small hole with his knife, into which he dropped a small quantity of the essence, or perfume, used to attract the beaver to the spot. This stick was attached by a string of horse hair to the trap, and with it was pulled into the water by the beaver. The reason for this was, that it might not remain after the trap was sprung, and attract the other beavers to the spot , and thus prevent their going to where there was another trap set for them." -- Mode of Beaver Trapping , Isaac Williams. ( Original Contributions to the American Pioneer , Samuel P. Hildreth).

  I had wanted to keep this blog at the early western 19th century, but this was too good to pass up. This is one of  Nathan Kobucks area of study, and he posted it recently first on his blog ,The Buffalo Trace. What is mentioned here is one of those lost pieces of art in trapping. I was glad to see this and began to search for more about Isaac Williams.
   The whole chapter in this book is a must read, but the thing that stands out is the horse hair string. It would seem like this is used as something a beaver wouldn't chew on , however it is mentioned a little further in the book:

    "The trap was connected by a chain of iron, six feet in length, to a stout line made of the bark of the leatherwood, twisted into a neat cord, of fifteen or twenty feet. These were usually fabricated at home or at their camps; cords of hemp or flax were scarce in the days of beaver hunting."

  If hemp or flax cord was scarce, maybe this is a reason for using the horse hair? or the chewing both? I think if we had the opportunity to trap as often as these guys did some of these little details would make a lot of sense. The many things that show up in this chapter on Isaac Williams are real interesting. The leatherwood "stout line", and the reason it is being used here, either because there was nothing else and it was strong enough, or the chewing?
Another interesting thing to note is that most often there is a lot of preparation before a beaver hunt. As in the quote, "usually fabricated at home or camp" , getting ready for a hunt reveals skills that we could consider learning. You can see this in the western fur trade as well , trappers would spend time cutting drowning poles , making bait bottles, working over traps, and basically being ready to hit a beaver hole hard and fast , the name of the game is get in there and get them all before they scatter. So preparation is a smart thing, not just convenient.
 
Here is more of the chapter on Isaac Williams:

Biographical Sketch of Isaac Williams-------Mode of beaver trapping

….. The untrodden wilderness was to him full of charms, and before the close of the revolutionary war he had hunted over all parts of the valley of Ohio, sometimes with a companion, but oftener alone. From his sedate manners, and quiet habits, the trapping of the beaver was his most favorite pursuit. This was a great art amongst the early pioneers and hunters of the west, and he who was the most successful and adroit in this mystery, was accounted a fortunate man; it was many times quite lucrative, the proceeds of a few months hunt often realizing three or four hundred dollars to the trapper. Mr. Williams stood high in this branch of the hunter’s occupations; and few men could entrap more beavers than himself. To be a successful trapper required great caution as well as a perfect knowledge of the habits of the animal. The residence of the beaver was often discovered by seeing bits of green wood, gnawed branches of the bass-wood, slippery elm, and sycamore, their favorite food, floating on the water, or lodged on the shores of the stream below, as well as by their tracks or foot marks. They were also discovered by their dams, thrown across creeks and small sluggish streams, forming a pond in which were erected their habitations. The hunter, as he proceeded to set his traps, generally approached by water in his canoe. He selected a steep, abrupt spot in the bank of the creek, in which a hole was excavated with his paddle, as he sat in the canoe, sufficiently large enough to hold the trap, and so deep as to be about three or four inches below the surface of the water, when the jaws of the trap were expanded. About two feet above the trap, a stick, three or four inches in length, was stuck in the bank. In the upper end of this, the trapper excavated a small hole with his knife, into which he dropped a small quantity of the essence, or perfume, used to attract the beaver to the spot. This stick was attached by a string of horse hair to the trap, and with it was pulled into the water by the beaver. The reason for this was, that it might not remain after the trap was sprung, and attract the other beavers to the spot , and thus prevent their going to where there was another trap set for them. The scent, or essence, was made by mingling the fresh castor of the beaver, with an extract of the bark of the roots of the spice-bush, and kept in a bottle for use. The making of this essence was held a profound secret, and often sold for a considerable sum to the younger trappers, by the older proficient in the mystery of beaver hunting. Where they had no proper bait, they sometimes made use of the fresh roots of sassafras, or spice bush; of both these the beaver was very fond. It is said by old trappers that they will smell the well prepared essence the distance of a mile. Their sense of smell is very acute, or they would not so readily detect the vicinity of man by the smell of his trail. The aroma of the essence having attracted the animal into the vicinity of the trap, in his attempt to reach it, he has to climb up on to the bank where it is sticking. This effort leads him directly over the trap, and he is usually taken by one of the fore legs. The trap was connected by a chain of iron, six feet in length, to a stout line made of the bark of the leatherwood, twisted into a neat cord, of fifteen or twenty feet. These were usually fabricated at home or at their camps; cords of hemp or flax were scarce in the days of beaver hunting. The end of the line was secured to a stake drove into the bed of the creek underwater. In his struggles to escape , the beaver was usually drowned before the arrival of the trapper. Sometimes however, he freed himself by gnawing off his own leg, though this was rarely the case. If there was a prospect of rain, or it was raining at the time of setting the trap, a leaf , generally of sycamore, was placed over the essence stick to protect it from the rain. The beaver being a very sagacious and cautious animal, it required great care in the trapper, in his approach to it’s haunts to set his traps, that no scent of his feet or hands was left on the earth, or bushes that he touched. For this reason he generally approached in a canoe. If he had no canoe, it was necessary to enter the stream thirty or forty yards below, and walk into the water to the place, taking care to return in the same manner, or the beaver would take alarm and not come near the bait, as his fear of the vicinity of man was greater than his sense of appetite for the essence. It also required caution in kindling a fire near their haunts, as the smell of smoke alarmed them. The firing of a gun, also often marred the sport of the trapper. Thus it will be seen that to make a successful beaver hunter, required more qualities, or natural gifts, than fall to the share of most men. Mr. Williams was eminently qualified for the calling of a hunter, both by disposition and by practice. He was a close observer of nature; taciturn in his manners, and slow and cautious in his movements; never in a hurry or flurried by an unexpected occurrence. In many respects he was an exact portrait of Cooper’s “Beau Ideal” of a master hunter, so finely portrayed in the “pioneer” and other back woods legends.

  

   

 

I wouldn't hold my breath..

  That's about as corny as I could think of for a title, but it will have to do.
Something talked about around the campfire a few times is the topic of drowning beaver. It's been mentioned on occasions that beaver , technically, do not drown. Although for hundreds of years trappers have always used the word, it is true that a beaver doesn't technically drown, instead he suffocates. For those who want to really be scientific you can enroll in med school and take this as far as you like, but a basic understanding of the beaver's anatomy should be enough.
 One book I've been reading on is The American Beaver and His Works , by Lewis Henry Morgan.
 Morgan goes into detail on the anatomy, and might be somewhat boring to most of us, but it does explain well what is happening when a beaver "drowns".
    A beaver we all know holds his breath under water, he is equipped with valve like organs that shut off his nose, and also his ears. His eyes also have a transparent lens that comes down when he makes a dive. Surprisingly a beaver actually has a small set of lungs, proportional to his body size, but it should make sense that because his metabolism is slow he does not need rapid oxygen replacement. Muskrat and otter have a larger set of lungs, in proportion, but they are more active and need larger volumes of oxygen.
  When a beaver is trapped, instinct drives him to deeper water below the surface, those valves shut and he takes in no oxygen, and of course no water to fill his lungs. The more he thrashes about, the more stored oxygen he uses up, and soon he asphyxiates.
   Technically it's not drowning, but technically it's all the same , lack of oxygen.
 So it's not exactly a misnomer when the trappers say "drown a beaver", and it would be strange to hear our trappers say something like "asphyxiation" and of course we are looking for the trappers word over a doctor of medicine for our endeavor.
  It might be good to note that few people are in agreement on how long a beaver can hold his breath, obviously it varies with each individual animal, and ranges from 10 minutes to 30 minutes. Some trappers claim as much as 45 minutes, which surprises the science guys as well as many other trappers.